Jana Gana Mana [α] is the national anthem of India. Written in highly Sanskritised (Tatsama) Bengali, it is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn composed and scored by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung in Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on 27 December 1911.[1] "Jana Gana Mana" was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950. 27 December 2011 marked the completion of 100 years of Jana Gana Mana since it was sung for the first time.[2][3]
The original poem written by Rabindranath Tagore was translated into Hindi by Abid Ali. The original Hindi version of the song Jana Gana Mana, translated by Ali and based on the poem by Tagore, was a little different. It was "Sukh Chain Ki Barkha Barase, Bharat Bhagya Hai Jaga....". Jana Gana Mana was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950.[2][3][4] [5][6][7][8]
A formal rendition of the national anthem takes fifty-two seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.[9] Tagore wrote down the English translation[10] of the song and along with Margaret Cousins (an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins), set down the notation at Madanapalle in Andhra Pradesh, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style of singing. However, when the National Anthem version of the song is sung, it is done in the traditional grandiose Martial Style of music.
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Lyrics
The text, though Bengali, is highly sanskritised (written in a literary register called Sadhu bhasa). The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs. Most of the nouns of the song are in use in all major languages in India. Therefore, the original song is quite clearly understandable, and in fact, remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages. Also as quasi-Sanskrit text, it is acceptable in many modern Indic languages, but the pronunciation varies considerably across India. This is primarily because most Indic languages are abugidas in that certain unmarked consonants are assumed to have an inherent vowel, but conventions for this differ among the languages of India. The transcription below reflects the Bengali pronunciation, in both the Bengali script and romanization. The following are officially recognized versions of the national anthem by the Indian government, in some of the officially recognized languages.
| জন গণ মন (Bengali) | Bengali romanization | NLK romanization |
|---|---|---|
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে,
ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা । পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাত মরাঠা, দ্রাবিড় উত্কল বঙ্গ । বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা, উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ । তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা । জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে, ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা । জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয়, জয় হে ।। |
Jônôgônômônô-odhinayôkô jôyô he
Bharôtôbhagyôbidhata Pônjabô Sindhu Gujôratô Môraṭha Drabiṛo Utkôlô Bônggô Bindhyô Himachôlô Jômuna Gôngga Uchhôlôjôlôdhitôrônggô Tôbô shubhô name jage Tôbô shubhô ashishô mange Gahe tôbô jôyôgatha Jônôgônômônggôlôdayôkô jôyô he Bharôtôbhagyôbidhata Jôyô he, jôyô he, jôyô he, jôyô jôyô jôyô, jôyô he |
Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya he
Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā Pañjāba Sindh Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drāviḍa Utkala Baṅga Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala jaladhi taraṅga Tava śubha nāme jāge Tava śubha āśiṣa mānge Gāhe tava jaya gāthā Jana gaṇa maṅgala dāyaka jaya he Bhārata bhāgya vidhāta Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he |
English translation
The following translation (edited in 1950 to replace Sindh with Sindhu as Sindh after partition was allocated to Pakistan), attributed to Tagore, is provided by the Government of India's national portal:[9]
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
Dispenser of India's destiny.
Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sindh province/Sindh,
Gujarat and Maratha,
Of the Dravida and Odisha and Bengal;
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,
mingles in the music of Yamuna and Ganga and is
chanted by the waves of the Indian Ocean.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, victory, victory to thee.
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